Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 15, 1706-1718, Copyright © 1998 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
J Mallatt and J Sullivan
Resolving the interrelationships of three major extant lineages of
vertebrates (hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes) is a particularly
important issue in evolution, because the basal resolution critically
influences our understanding of primitive vertebrate characters. A
consensus has emerged over the last 20 years that lampreys are the sister
group to the gnathostomes and the hagfishes represent an ancient, basal
lineage. This hypothesis has essentially displaced the classical hypothesis
of monophyly of the cyclostomes (lampreys plus hagfishes). To test these
hypotheses, we compared nearly complete ribosomal DNA sequences from each
of these major lineages, as well as those from a cephalochordate and a
urochordate, which represent a paraphyletic outgroup for assessing the
basal vertebrate relationships. For this comparison, 92%-99% complete 28S
rDNA sequences were obtained from the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, the
hagfish Eptatretus stouti, the lamprey Petromyzon marinus, and
cartilaginous fishes Hydrolagus colliei and Squalus acanthias and were then
analyzed with previously reported 28S and 18S rDNA sequences from other
chordates. We conducted conventional (nonparametric) bootstrap analyses,
under maximum-likelihood, parsimony, and minimum-evolution (using LogDet
distances) criteria, of both 28S and 18S rDNA sequences considered
separately and combined. All these analyses provide moderate to very strong
support for the monophyly of the cyclostomes. Furthermore, the currently
accepted hypothesis of a lamprey-gnathostome clade is moderately rejected
by the Kishino-Hasegawa test (P = 0.099) and resoundingly rejected by
parametric bootstrap tests (P < 0.01) in favor of monophyly of living
cyclostomes. Another significant finding is that the hagfish E. stouti has
the longest 28S rDNA gene known in any organism (> 5,200 nt).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes
Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-4236, USA. jmallatt@mail.wsu.edu
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