Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 14, 1206-1217, Copyright © 1997 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
M Kajikawa, K Ohshima and N Okada
CR1 elements are a family of retroposons. They are classified as long
interspersed elements (LINEs) or non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR)
retrotransposons, and they have been found in the genomes of many
vertebrates. However, they have been only partially characterized, and only
a 2-kb region of the 3' end of chicken CR1 has been sequenced. In the
present study, we determined the entire consensus sequence of CR1 elements
in the turtle genome, designated PsCR1. The first open reading frame (ORF1)
of PsCR1 has two unusual arrangements of Cys residues. One of them includes
a zinc finger motif, CX2CX14CX2C. The putative zinc finger has cysteine
residues with identical spacing and a similar amino acid composition to
those found in the species-specific transcription initiation factors SL1
and TIF-IB. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of PsCR1 contains a
sequence similar to part of the human L1 promoter, L1 site A, and several
cis elements of the type found in eukaryotic genes. Within a region of
about 500 bp, there are nine "E boxes," cis elements that are recognized by
the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of proteins. This observation
raises the possibility that cellular transcription factors that bind to
these sequences might act in concert to regulate the expression of PsCR1.
The extent of the sequence divergence of the 3' UTR of CR1 between species
was found to be lower than the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions per site
in ORF2, suggesting that a strict functional constraint must exist for this
region. This result strongly suggests that the conserved 3'-end sequence of
CR1 is the recognition site for the reverse transcriptase of CR1. A
discussion is presented of a possible mechanism for the integration of CR1
elements and also of the intriguing possible recruitment of the reverse
transcriptase for the retroposition of SINEs.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Determination of the entire sequence of turtle CR1: the first open reading frame of the turtle CR1 element encodes a protein with a novel zinc finger motif
Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
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