Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 14, 56-68, Copyright © 1997 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
SM Chaw, A Zharkikh, HM Sung, TC Lau and WH Li
To study the evolutionary relationships among the four living gymnosperm
orders and the interfamilial relationships in each order, a set of 65
nuclear 18S rRNA sequences from ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms was
analyzed using the neighbor-joining and maximum- parsimony methods. With
Selaginella as the outgroup, the analysis strongly indicates that the seed
plants form a monophyletic group with the ferns as a sister group. Within
the seed plants the angiosperms are clearly a monophyletic group. Although
the bootstrap support for the monophyly of the gymnosperm clade is
moderate, the monophyly is further supported by its lack of
angiosperm-specific indels. Within the gymnosperms there appear to be three
monophyletic clades: Cycadales- Ginkgoales, Gnetales, and Coniferales. The
cycad-ginkgo clade is the earliest gymnosperm lineage. Given the strong
support for the sister group relationship between Gnetales and Coniferales,
it is unlikely that Gnetales is a sister group of the angiosperms, contrary
to the view of many plant taxonomists. Within Coniferales, Pinaceae is
monophyletic and basal to the remaining conifer families, among which there
are three monophyletic clades: Phyllocladaceae-Podocarpaceae,
Araucariaceae, and Sciadopityaceae-Taxaceae-Cephalotaxaceae-Taxodiacea
e-Cupressaceae. Within the latter clade, Sciadopityaceae may be an outgroup
to the other four families. Among the angiosperms, no significant cluster
at the level of subclass was found, but there was evidence that
Nymphaeaceae branched off first. Within the remaining angiosperms, the
monocots included in this study are nested and form a monophyletic group.
This study attests to the utility of nuclear 18S rRNA sequences in
addressing relationships among living gymnosperms. Considerable variation
in substitution rates was observed among the ferns and seed plants.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular phylogeny of extant gymnosperms and seed plant evolution: analysis of nuclear 18S rRNA sequences
Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. bochaw@ccvax.sinica.edu.tw
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