Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 13, 954-963, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
J Gatesy, C Hayashi, MA Cronin and P Arctander
The inferred transition from terrestrial hoofed mammal to fully aquatic
cetacean has been intensively studied with fossil evidence. However, large
sections of this remarkable evolutionary sequence are missing. Phylogenetic
analysis of extant taxa may help to fill in some of these gaps. In this
report, kappa-casein (exon 4) and beta-casein (exon 7) milk protein genes
from cetaceans and other placental mammals were PCR- amplified, sequenced,
and aligned to previously published sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of the
casein data suggest that hippopotamid artiodactyls are more closely related
to cetaceans than to other artiodactyls (even-toed hoofed mammals). An
analysis of the nuclear casein sequences combined with published
mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences also supports the
Cetacea/Hippopotamidae sister group. This affinity implies that some of the
aquatic traits of cetaceans were derived in the common ancestor of Cetacea
and Hippopotamidae. An extant "missing link" to Cetacea may have been
overlooked by science since the description of the semiaquatic Hippopotamus
in 1758. Paleontological information is grossly inconsistent with this
hypothesis. If the casein phylogeny is accurate, large gaps in the fossil
record as well as extensive morphological reversals and convergences must
be acknowledged.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721. gatesy@mullis.biosci.arizona.edu
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