Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 1, 345-356, Copyright © 1984 by Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
LR Maxson
Genetic relationships among 25 species of Central and South American Bufo
and among representative North, Central, and South American, Asian, and
African Bufo were probed, using the quantitative immunological technique of
microcomplement fixation (MC'F) which indicated a clear separation of
North, Central, and South American lineages of Bufo. The South American
lineage likely diverged from the Central and North American lineages in the
Eocene; the latter two lineages diverged later, probably in the
mid-Oligocene. Some species groups of South American toads, defined on the
basis of traditional morphological studies, are genetically quite similar
within groups, whereas others are genetically divergent. The amount of
albumin evolution does not appear to parallel the amount of karyotypic,
morphological, ecological, or behavioral evolution documented. Comparisons
suggest that the African lineages separated from the American and Asian
lineages in the late Cretaceous, corresponding to the time of the final
separation of Gondwanaland, the southern supercontinent including the
modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and
India. The Asian lineages diverged from the lineage giving rise to all of
the American species in the early Paleocene.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular probes of phylogeny and biogeography in toads of the widespread genus Bufo
Department of Genetics and Development, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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